ry you o grasp just iny, iallyunassuming, is a proton. It is just oo small.

        A proton is an infinitesimal part of an atom, antial thing.

        Protons are so small t a little dib of ink like t on tained in ons are exceedingly microscopic, to say t.

        No) sons doo abillionts normal size into a spaall t it on look enormous.

        Noo t tiny, tiny space about an ounatter. Excellent. You are ready to starta universe.

        I’m assuming of course t you ionary universe. If you’d preferio build a more old-fasandard Big Bang universe, you’ll need additionalmaterials. In fact, you o gat mote and partiatter bet into a spot so infinitesimallypact t it    all. It is knoy.

        I ready for a really big bang. Naturally, you ire to a safeplace to observe tacle. Unfortunately, to retire to because outside ty to expand, it    be spreading outto fill a larger emptiness. t exists is t creates as it goes.

        It is natural but o visualize ty as a kind nant dot    ty has no “around”

        around it. t to occupy, no place for it to be. e ’t even ask        lately popped into being, like a good idea,    t moment. time does. tfor it to emerge from.

        And so, from nothing, our universe begins.

        In a single blinding pulse, a moment of glory mucoo s and expansive for any form ofy assumes ion. In tlively sed (a sed t many ologists e careers to so ever-finery and t gover. t of    noenbillion degrees of it, enougo begin tions t create ter elements—principally    oom in a es, 98 pert of all tter t is a place of t ifying possibility,aiful, too. And it    time it takes to make a sandwich.

        ter of some debate. ologists    of creation    or someto be    13.7 billion years, but toriously difficult to measure, as    at some ierminate point in tant past, for reasons unkno knoo sce as t = 0. e were on our way.

        t deal    kno kno ion of te aret ore, aBelgian priest-statively proposed it, but it didn’t really bee an activenotion in ology until tronomers made araordinary and ient discovery.

        t ilson. In 1965, trying to make useof a large unications antenna oories at troubled by a persistent background noise—a steady, steamy    made anyexperimental ing and unfocused. It came from everypoint in t, tronomers dideveryto track doe tested everyelectrical system. t instruments, cs, ed plugs.

        to t tape over every seam and rivet. to t it    of er paper as “ric material,” or ried worked.

        Unknoo t ty miles a Prion Uy, a team of stists led byRobert Dicke rying so diligently to getrid of. ton researc ed in trop Geamo if you looked deep enougo spaceyou sio over from ted t by time it crossed tness of tion rumentt migenna at unately, on team, had read Gamow’s paper.

        t Penzias and ilso least t of it, 90 billiontrillion miles a pons—t a ligime and distao micro as Gamo oput tive. If you to tate Building (ing    level representing t of t time ofilson and Penzias’s discovery t distant galaxies aed    tiet distant t tieth.

        Penzias and ilson’s finding pusance o he sidewalk.

        Still una Prion anddescribed to     suggest a solution. Dicke realized atonce wo young men    been scooped,” old he phone.

        Soon afterropicles: one by Penzias andilson describing team explaining itsnature. Alt been looking for ic background radiation,didn’t kno erpreted itscer in any paper, tonresearly sympato Dennis Overbye in Lonely s of togetood t til t it in times .

        Ially, disturbance from ic background radiation is sometune your television to any c doesn’t receive, and about 1 pert of tatic you see is ated for by t remnant of t timeyou plain t t you    aliverse.

        Alt tion us not to t as anexplosion in tional se , sudden expansion on a ?

        Oion is t pery     one of aernal cycle of expanding and collapsing universes, like ttribute to y or t any rate, t introduced ameasure of instability into t    seems impossible t you could getsomet t t o proof t you . It may be t our universe is merely part of many largeruniverses, some in different dimensions, and t Big Bangs are going on all time all overt may be t spad time ogetoo alien for us to imagine—and t ts some sort oftransition p from a form    uand to one . “tious questions,” Dr. Andrei Linde, a ologist atStanford, told times in 2001.

        t about tself but about he bang.

        Not long after, mind you. By doing a lot of matc goes on inparticle accelerators, stists believe to 10-43seds after t ofcreation,    you . e mustn’t sraordinary    es before us, but it ispere from time to time just to be reminded of trillion trillion trillionths of a sed.

        **A ifiotation: Since very large numbers are cumbersome to e and nearly impossible to read, stistsuse a siples) of ten in ten 1010 and 6,500,000bees 6.5 x 106. tiples of ten: 10 x 10 (or 100) bees 102; 10 x 10 x 10 (or1,000) is 103; and so on, obviously and indefinitely. ttle superscript number sigive notations provide latter in print (especially essentially a mirror image,    number indig to t of t (so 10-4 means 0.0001). tet remains an amazement to me t anyone seeing "1.4 x 109 km3’    o signifies 1.4Most of    ts of to an idea called inflation t propounded in 1979 by a junior particlep, t Stanford, no MIt, named Alan Guty-t t o attend a lecture on t Dicke. ture inspired Guto take an i in ology, andin particular in the universe.

        tual result ion t a fra of a moment aftertion, t a sudden dramatic expansion. It inflated—i ran aself, doubling in size every 10-34seds. ted no more t’s one million million million million milliont it et least 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times bigger. Inflation t make our universe possible. it it, tter and tars, just drifting gas and everlasting darkness.

        Acc to Gut oen-milliontrilliontrilliontrillionty emerged. After anoterval it romagism and trong and uff of pant later by sary particles—tuff of stuff. From notall, suddenly tons, protorons, rons, and mudard Big Bang theory.

        Sucities are of course ungraspable. It is enougo kno in a single craginstant    —at least a -yearsacross, acc to t possibly any size up to infinite—and perfectly arrayed fortion of stars, galaxies, and otems.

        is extraordinary from our point of vieurned out for us. If t a tiny bit differently—if gravity ionally stronger or a little more sloly—tnever able elements to make you and me and tand on. ybeen a trifle stroself miged tent, precisely t values to give it t dimensions ay and poparts.    been ered void.

        t some experts believe trillions and trillions of ty span of eternity, and t t in ticular one is t t in. As Edryonof bia Uy o it: “In anso tion of    our Universe is simply one of time tobillion cubic kilometers, and no less a    tion t many general readers are as unmatical as I am, I    least in a cer dealing hings on a ic scale.

        time.” to tempts.”

        Martin Rees, Britain’s astronomer royal, believes t te number, eac attributes, in different binations, and t    bi alloo exist. ore: “If tock of clot surprised to find asuit t fits. If t of numbers, ticular set of numbers suitable to life. e are in t one.”

        Rees maintains t six numbers in particular govern our universe, and t if any of tly t be as to exist as it does requires t ed to paratively stately manner—specifically, in a    verts seves mass to energy. Lo value very slig to 0.006 pert,say—and no transformation could take place: t of ly—to 0.008 pert—and bonding    ted. Iest t    be here.

        I s everyt rigerm, gravity may turn out to be alittle to, and one day it may    t collapsingin upon itself, till it crusself doo anoty, possibly to start t may be too il everyt t terial iions, sot t is i and dead, but very roomy. tion ist gravity is just rigical density” is ts’ term for it—and t it    just t dimensions to alloo go on indefinitely.

        ologists in ter moments sometimes call t—teveryt rigivelyas closed, open, and flat.)Noion t o all of us at some point is:    to t    your ains?

        would you find beyond?

        tingly, is t you ever get to t’s notbecause it ake too long to get t    because even ifyou traveled ely and pugnaciously, you    an outer boundary. Instead, you o    in t t adequately imagine, in ance ein’s tivity (o in due course). For t it isenougo kno    adrift in some large, ever-expanding bubble. Rat allo to be boundless but finite. Space ot even properly be saidto be expanding because, as t and Nobel laureate Steven einberg notes, “solarsystems and galaxies are not expanding, and space itself is not expanding.” Rat. It is all someto intuition. Or as t J.

        B. S.    only queerer tis queerer than we    suppose.”

        t is usually given for explaining ture of space is to try to imaginesomeone from a universe of flat surfaces, oEartter ’s surface, he would never find an edge.

        eventually return to t ed, and terlyfouo explain    ion in space asour puzzled flatlander, only we are flummoxed by a higher dimension.

        Just as tand at ter and say: “t all began. termostpoint of it all.” e are all at ter of it all. Actually,    kno for sure;    prove it matically. Stists just assume t    really be ter of t t    t t be till,    actually know.

        For us, t raveled in talk about—is amillion million million million (t’s 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) miles across. Butacc to most t large—ta-universe, as it is sometimescalled—is vastly roomier still. Acc to Rees, t-years to tten not “en zeroes, not even    , t going totrouble    to envision some additional beyond.

        For a long time t troubled a lot of people— it couldn’t begin to explain     of all tter t exists ed    matter sisted exclusively of lig ioned earlier. Not one particle of tuff so vital to our en, oxygen, and all t—emergedfrom tion. But—and roubling point—te ts, you    and energy of a Big Bang. Yet t didn’t produce they e from?

        Iingly, to t question    erm “Big Bang” sarcastically, as a. e’ll get to ly, but before urn to tion of    migaking a fees to sider just wly “here” is.
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