IN tE summer or early autumn of 1859, or of tedBritiserly Revie an advance copy of a neuralist Cerest and agreed t it , butfeared t t matter oo narroo attract a e a book about pigeons instead. “Everyone is ied in pigeons,” he observedhelpfully.

        EluralSele, or tion of Favoured Races in truggle for Life    fifteeion of 1,250 copies sold out on t day. It    of print, and scarcely out of troversy, in all time si bad going for a man     for asingle impetuous decision to sail around try parson k ihworms.

        C Darto Midlands of England. , er of Josiatery fame.

        Darage of upbringing, but tinually pained er academic performance. “You care for not sing, dogs, and rat-catco yourself and all your family,” e in a li nearly al about ion o natural ory, for ried to study medie at Edinburgy but couldn’t bear tnessing aion on an uandably distressed cics, ofcourse—left ly traumatized. ried laead, but found t insupportablydull and finally managed, more or less by default, to acquire a degree in divinity fromCambridge.

        A life in a rural vicarage seemed to a    of tempting offer. Dared to sail on tiallyas dinner pany for tain, Robert FitzRoy, zRoy, okened depter,    FitzRoy’s first c got tzRoy’s preferred panion dropped out.

        From a ty-first-tury perspective t striking joiure e in ory: on tucky, Abraham Lin was born.

        extreme yout time of sailing, FitzRoy y-tty-two.

        FitzRoy’s formal assig o c coastal ers, but o seek out evidence for a literal, biblical interpretation of creation. t Darrained for try ral to FitzRoy’s decision to    Darly proved to be not only liberal of vie less tedly devoted to fuals became a source of lasting fri bethem.

        Darime aboard o 1836, iveexperience of    also one of t trying. ain s zRoy    to fits of fury folloment. antly engaged in quarrels, some “b oninsanity,” as Darer recalled. O voyages teo beelangs at t of times—tain of t a bullet t of lonely gloom—and FitzRoy came from a family inct.    Castlereag    tzRoy zRoy proved strangely unknowable.

        Darouo learn upon t almost at ozRoy married a young o    o an attac or eveioned her name.

        In every ot, riumpure enougo last a lifetime and accumulated a    to makeation and keep    trove of giant afossils, including t Megato date; survived a letifully named Delpzroyi);ducted diligent and useful geological iigations t tion of coral atolls, tally, t atolls could not form i    of anding attac to treme antiquity of earty-seven, urned er being awo days.    Englandagain.

        O do on tion. For a start, evolution as a cept ribute to evolutionary principles in a poem of inspiredmediocrity called “temple of Nature” years before tiltion (ion gro to percolate t life is a perpetual struggle and t natural sele    Dar all anismspeted for resources, and t e advantage    advao tinuously improve.

        It seems an a is an a it explained a great deal,and Daro devote o it. “upid of me not to    ofit!” t.    is a vie has beenechoed ever since.

        Iingly, Dar use ttest” in any of ion for it). ter tion of On t Spencer in Principles of Biology in 1864.

        Nor did ion in print until tion in (by s use oo o resist), preferring instead “dest ion.”

        Nor, above all, eresting diversity in tory asventionally told (or at least as frequently remembered by many of us) is t Daro island, noticed t ted for exploiting local resources—t on one island beaks urdy ands and good for crag nuts,    of crevices—and it    set o tper beeed t ed themselves.

        In fact, ted t it    Dar. At timeof t of college and not yet an aplisuralistand so failed to see t type. It alents. Unfortunately, in    noted oises.) It took years to sort t.

        Because of ts, and to sort tes and crates of ot    until 1842, six years after urn to England, t Daro sketc ts of o a 230-page“sketcer. And traordinary t es a decade and a ters. en early eigo ing an exive opus on barnacles (“I e a barnacle as noman ever did before,” andably, upon te disorders t left less, faint, and “flurried,” as    it. toms nearly alerrible nausea and generally also incorporatedpalpitations, migraines, exion, trembling, spots before tness of breat surprisingly, depression.

        tablis t romantid pered possibilities is t ropical malady t e of a Ben is t ion . Often y mi a stretcimes not t.

        Mue ed to a series of increasingly desperate treatments—icy pluric c subjeall jolts of current. , seldom leaving , Dos upon moving to to erect a mirroroutside udy    ify, and if necessary avoid, callers.

        Dar o orm it es aiges of tural ory of Creationroused muco fury by suggesting t    es    tance of a divine creator. Anticipating tcry, taken careful steps to ceal ity,    from even    friends for t forty years. Some hor.

        Oted Prince Albert. In fact, ttis ce to reveal icaldimension as ed from pulpits t Britain and far beyond, but also attracted a good dealof more searly aire issue—eigo pulling it to pieces. Even t. ion, attacked t thor was a friend.

        2Dar migill    for an alarmingblo arrived from t in ttaining a friendly letter from a young naturalist named Alfred Russel allad tof a paper, On tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from type,outlining a tural sele t o Dar jottings.

        Even some of triking ce,”

        Dared in dismay. “If allace    sket out in 1842,    ter s abstract.”

        allace didn’t drop into Dare as uedly as is sometimes suggested.

        t    migerest. In tly     of species creation as erritory. “t note-book, ontion of    ies differ from ea to allae time earlier. “I am noion,”    really.

        In any case, allace failed to grasp rying to tell    ical to o Darwo decades.

        Dar to preserve y,aking advantage of an iip-off from a distant admirer. But if eppedaside, as gentlemanly duct arguably required,    for a t ly propounded. allace’s t of aflas; Dar of years of careful, plodding, met. Itwas all crushingly unfair.

        to pound    son, also named Cracted scarletfever and ically ill. At t of te tra of ime to dasters to o step aside but noting t to do so    allever it may amount to, ing a summary of Darogettled on ing of ty, ime rugglingto find its o fas of stific eminence. On July 1, 1858, Daro guess correctly. o be visiting    of Vestiges    appears t discuss it.

        and allace’s to t present. On ting, heir son.

        tation    evening—one of ty or so people in t tnessing tific    of tury, t. No discussionfollo attract mucice elseed tonly one person, a Professor on of Dubliio and    all t    rue was old.”

        allace, still in ta, learned of ter t, buto    all. oter as “Darytisrick Mattural sele—in fact, in t Darunately, Mattimberand Arboriculture,    by Dar by tire world.

        Mattter to Gardener’s C everyion, te for t no oly any oturalist, to a imberand Arboriculture.”

        allace tinued for anoty years as a naturalist and t increasingly fell from stific favor by taking up dubious is sucualism and ty of life existing else, Darwin’s alone.

        Darormented by o    revealing t “like fessing a murder.” Apart from allelse,    deeply paio    onceexpanding    into a book-lengt An Abstract ofan Essay oural Sele —a title so tepidaive t o issue just five once presented , and a sliging title, Murray resideredand increased tial print run to 1,250.

        On te ercial success, but ratie. Dared tractable difficulties. It needed far more time to cede, and it ed by fossil evidence. ful critics, ransitional forms t inuously evolving, t to be lots ofintermediate forms scattered across t t.

        3In fact, t existed time after ofthe famous Cambrian explosion.

        3By ce, in 1861, at t of troversy, just sued up ure     it also eet    asingle discovery could hardly be sidered clusive.

        But noing t t    life and t     found it yet because, for    been preserved. It simply could not be otained. “t presentmust remain inexplicable; and may be truly urged as a valid argument against tertained,”    didly, but o eain an alternative possibility.

        By ion ed—iively but incorrectly—t peroo clear to lay dos and thus had preserved no fossils.

        Even Dar friends roubled by tions.

        Adam Sedgaken our ofales in 1831, said tas poor jecture. Even Lyell cluded gloomily: “Daroo far.”

        t. en s of geological time because ationist,    evolutiradually but suddenly. Saltationists (tin for “leap”) couldn’taccept t plicated ans could ever emerge in sloages.    good, after all, is o, only made sense if tate.

        t as    closely recalled a veryservative religious notion first put for from design. Paley te if you found a pocket tly perceivet it elligey. So it splexity s design. tioury,and it gave Darrouble too. “to tter to a friend. In t it “seems, I freely fess,absurd in t possible degree” t natural sele could produce sucrumentin gradual steps.

        Even so, and to tion of ers, Dar only insisted tall    nearly every edition in epped up t of timeo alloion tress, ually,” acc to tist and orian Jeffrey Scz, “Darvirtually all t t still remained among tural orians andgeologists.”

        Ironically, sidering t Dared a mec bee stronger or better or faster—in a ter—but gave noindication of    migtised an important fla. Dar any beneficial trait t arose in one geion o subsequentgeions, trengthe species.

        Jenkin pointed out t a favorable trait in one parent    bee dominant insucceeding geions, but in fact ed to a tumbler of er, you don’t make tronger, you make it    dilute solution into anoter, it bees ill. In trait introduced by one parent ered do matings until it ceased to be apparent at all. t a recipefor c for stancy. Lucky flukes migime to time, but t everyto a stable mediocrity. Ifnatural sele o ernative, unsidered meism was required.

        Unknoo Dariring monk named Gregor Mendel ion.

        Mendel o a er of trianempire in rayed observant provincial monk    ofnotig some iing traits of inance    s in tery’s kitc, Mendel rained stist—udied pics at tz Pitute and ty of Vienna—and    stific disciplio all ery at Brno ution. It y tradition of careful stifivestigation.

        Before embarking on s, Mendel spent ties of pea, to make sure true. timeassistants, edly bred and crossbred y ts. It e o take t exag pains to avoid actal cross-fertilization and to note every sligion in tems, and flowers. Mendel knew w he was doing.

        ed until 1913, in an Englisionary—t terms dominant and recessive.    ablis every seed taiors” or “elemente,” as    oneand a recessive one—and tors, terns ofinance.

        ts ed into precise matical formulae. Altogeteigs, ts s onflos. If anytoo stifi ed    tings of tural orySociety of Brno in 1865, t forty listened politely but s ter of great practical io manyof the members.

        o t SanistKarl-il al for ts.

        Unfortunately, N?geli failed to perceive tanery breeding ly did as N?geli suggested,but quickly realized t e features for studying ability.

        It    to    N?geli    read t all. Frustrated,Mendel retired from iigating ability and spent t of standiables and studying bees, mice, and sunspots, among mucually.

        Mendel’s findings    quite as imes suggested. udyreceived a glory in tannica —tific t ted repeatedly in an important paper by t irely sank beloerline of stific t t them.

        toget realizing it, Darietury. Dar all liviultimately trace try to a single, on source,” o    y of o Dar o    to get in touc is knoo udied Focke’s iial paper s repeated refereo Mendel’s    didn’tect to udies.

        tured in Dar, t    feature at all except as one passing allusion. Even so, it took no great leap ofimagination to see tions for    in Darbecame an immediate talking point.

        turday, June 30, 1860, at a meeting of tisionfor t of S Oxford. o attend by Res of tural ory of Creation, till unao t tentious tome. Dar. tingo turned a someto to    oryremarks on “tellectual Development of Europe sidered o the Viewsof Mr. Darwin.”

        Finally, to speak. ilberforce    is generally assumed) by t anti-Dars t end in uproar,ats vary ly transpired. In t popular version, ilberforce,o tac to tless intended as a quip, but it came across as an icy co , uro o myain relish.

        Otrembling ion. At all events, o ao someone o be a serious stifi. Suence, as    to ilberforce’soffice, and tantly collapsed in tumult. A Lady Breer fainted. RobertFitzRoy, Dary-five years before, , sing, “t topresent a paper on storms in y as ed MeteicalDepartment.) Iingly, eacero ed ther.

        Darually make    in tof Man in 1871. tedsu. t time albones from Germany and a feain fragments of jaedauties refused to believe even in tiquity. t of Maroversial book, but by time of its appearaableand its arguments caused mucir.

        For t part,    ofially oions of natural sele.    amazingly longperiods pig tinizis in an attempt to uas, and spent years more studying the behavior of worms.

        One of s o play to t to amuse t to study ts on tion.    to realize ally importanto soil fertility. “It may be doubted    a part in tory of te iion of Vegetable Mould tion of orms (1881), rivances by isilised byIs (1862), Expressions of tions in Man and Animals (1872), s first day, ts of Cross and Self Fertilization in tableKingdom (1876)—a subject t came improbably close to Mendel’s oattaining anyts—and    book, t inPlants. Finally, but not least, ed muc to studying tter of private io ed t certain pal frailties among y in ree.

        Daren ime, but never for On tof Man. y besto    evolutionary ty o    embrag iominster Abbey—o Neer.

        Dar really gain ail tain eur, tion    came someists ely in Europe rediscovered Mendel’s aneously. It c to claim Mendel’sinsig a rival made it noisily clear t t really lay tenmonk.

        t ready, but not quite, to begin to uand     is fairly amazing to reflect t at tietury, and for some years beyond, t stifids in t actuallytell you where babies came from.

        And t sce    an end.
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